We were in Madikeri when we heard this story. A Haleri king was on a hunting expedition when he suddenly saw his wild dogs chased by a hare on a small hillock. He decided to build a fort there immediately as he felt a powerful energy vibrated from the region which made a meek hare courageous. A mud walled garrison was built there and the hamlet, which became the capital of the dynasty was named after the king. The king was Mudduraja, the dynasty was Haleri and the capital was called Muddu Raja Keri or Muddurakayray, what we today call Madikeri.
The Haleri kings who ruled Coorg or Kodagu for over 200 years were Lingayats and their origin is traced to Veeraraja, a nephew of Sadashiva Nayaka of Ikkeri dynasty. As the Vijayanagar empire crumbled, Veeraraja, who dreamt of establishing his own dynasty was looking to exploit the weakness of local kingdoms. His ambition took him to Kodagu which was then ruled by various Nayakas. (more)
The Haleri kings who ruled Coorg or Kodagu for over 200 years were Lingayats and their origin is traced to Veeraraja, a nephew of Sadashiva Nayaka of Ikkeri dynasty. As the Vijayanagar empire crumbled, Veeraraja, who dreamt of establishing his own dynasty was looking to exploit the weakness of local kingdoms. His ambition took him to Kodagu which was then ruled by various Nayakas. (more)
31 comments:
I Think the people should come to know that the so called Begger who came to Kodag Later,took advantage of the people over there of there innocence thous days,where kodavas ruled the diffrent nad'sin kodagu (Cluster Of Villages) through diffred kodava palagaras or vodayas ,this begger lingyat saint took the diffrent kodava rulers into confidence and rules kodagu,but people need to know tho the linyat ws made to represent kodavas due to his adminstration skills,people should not forget he was liable to the kodavas,and unlike other kings in india,this begger or lingyat saint who became the king was not a king but was more of adminstrator who had to be more liable to kodavas who are locals, and its not Nalak Nadu,It is called Nalnad Palace and was the main Palace of one of the kodava palayagaras and a mudfort like was built by kodava palayagars to this so called kodagu lingyat saint or a king,just because he was good in adminstration planning during wars,with tippu and hyderail along with wars from kerala mainily cannonur kings.i think people without knowing the facts shouldnot inform false things to outsiders.
TK,This post was simple peice from history.. u want take out fun from that also ..ur comments reminds me of a happy nice story.. read and enjoy
There was a frog that lived in a shallow well.
“Look how happy I am here" he 2ld a big turtle 4m the Big Ocean. " I can hop along the well and rest by the bricks on my return. I can wallow 2 my heart's content with only my head above water, or stroll ankle deep through soft mud. No crabs or tadpoles can compare with me. I am master of the water and lord of this shallow well, What more can i ask ? Why don't you come here more often 2 have a good time? "
Before the turtle 4m the Big Ocean could get his left foot in2 the well, however, he caught his right claw on something. So he halted and stepped back then began 2 describe the ocean 2 the frog.
" It's more than a thousand miles across and more than ten thousand feet deep. In ancient times there were floods nine years out of ten yet the water in the ocean never increased.And later there were droughts seven years out of eight yet the water in the ocean never grew less. It has remained quite constant through out the ages.
That is why I like 2 live in the Big Ocean
and That is y TK I will teach u a few basics of Coorg history.PS: - None of the below points are made up.. all have sound n solid historic back ground.
1) First thing first,u need 2 learn how 2 write things in an open forum. Lingayat's are 1 of the still existing /dominant's caste system in Karnataka and u go on blaming them .. That n this.. for no mistake of them. PS: I am neither kodava nor a Lingayat, so no worry. :-)
2) U need 2 talk 2 few of ur elders and download BALOPAAT 2 ur brain and understand that SO-CALLED- NAADS were created after ur Lingayat Rajas started Haleri dynasty & they were the 1 who appointed the THAKKAS 2 look after the NAADS.Earlier ur naads were existing only in Kiggitnaad,Thaavunaad etc.later with the courtesy of Haleri or ur begger raja,it got expanded 2 Aelu Saavira naadu & Ittherige ( Double tax) naadu. And thakkas got appointed there. BALOPAAT praises Haleri Kings ( Mere admistrtr?)
3) When the ‘Beggar’ came 2 coorg. Ur paleyagaras were not ruling all the naads. Bhagamandala was ruled by a malayali ruler named KARNEMBAHU.Nanjayaraypatna and Periyapatna was ruled by Chengalavas.And rest of the places ur paleyagaras / nayakas were ruling( But were hating the sights of each other). Dont believe that ?? Pick a leaf 4m Anchigeri Achunayaka’s story or the story of Beppunaad Utha Nayaka and Ichettira & Bachettira family clans.
4) Dont want 2 name them .. many reputed clans amongst Kodavas are originated 4m Lingayat, Gowda and Malayali fore fathers.Even 2day there are families who practice the annual rituals in above 3 styles.It was very common 2 get Kodava girls married 2 ur begger raja ( Raja a mere administratr??) bitter truth...but thats how it is..
5) Lingayat Raja’s as mere administra2rs?Again the story of Beppunaad Utha nayaka,Paradanda Ponnappa,Bonira Charmanna,Kannanda Doddaiah ring any bells ??
May be you may not know all these.. I will suggest you something.
“i think people without knowing the facts shouldnot inform false things to outsiders”
:-)
Sweet,to what extent you are talking about 7000 nadu i dont know but i would like to enrich ur brain to get exposed to few more things so that the kodag has 14 ancient nadd where kodavas ruled from age's kodag saw these lingyats only in 16th century and the gowdas in 18th century what foolish thing are you spreading like forefathers lingyats ,malayalis,gowdas etc,dont be stupid in ur approch Balopat of kodavas praises all those people for what they have done during there lifetime,so does the song praise lingyat adminstrators of kodag,with fight between diffrent palagaras thats between the kodavas and an outsider like the lingyat rajas took advantage of the situation and ruled kodavas,also the Bagamandala was never apart of Kodag until mid 19t century,it was given by the british to kodag rajas when kodavas and the false king in diguise of kodag supported british against one of their wars against tippu sulthan.for your information kodag extended till piryapatna and a kodava ruler by name Paryaappa ruled the present priyapatna,and during wars with hyderali and tipp kodag lost some territories at that part and also the kodavas who lived in those part who where the protecters where wiped off by tippus forces when nearly 20000 kodavas from that area where takenover as prisinors of war by tippu and later converted or massacered,that was the time when a group of traders from Amara sulya passing through kodag where stopped and all the traders where given land near somaverpet and priyapatna sice cultivation of rice has stopped since no kodava men where there to cultivate and the existence of gowdas was seen in kodag,and the kodavathi women who had lost there husband where treated like slaves by the kodag begger rajas subsiquent rulears and these women were given as slaves to be used by this begger kings close bodyguards(Richter)its written,thats when kodavas rebelled and took the ligyat out of power,with the help of british.if you dont know things i would suggest you to accept what others inform, just by telling a few names in history does not mean that you know the entire lot,the pain was taken by kodavas and what you from outside know about it,dont ever make unwanted remarks without knowing indepth facts Mr whoever you are,i am refeering you MR be kind for that, and dont bring your logic to check our integrity
Just to highlight a few things from the above comment passed by Mr Whoever If Lingyats and gowdas give birth like dogs and cats,without any limit obviously there population in karnataka will be high,they have neither gone for wars to die or they have helped others during war times from generations there population has been protected and they will spread moreover kodag has never been a part of karnataka and it does not mean anything to us,also i need to tell mainly that Lingyat is just a sect,and not Indignious Communities Like kodavas anyone can be a lingyat its a sect started by basavanna if you have to know to counter the brahmin community (:
Mr.TK ( Thank you for reffering me as MR.).My apology for 1 mistake of mine in yesterdays post.I had mentioned it as 7000 naad.Infact it was 7000 seeme.Apart from that I will help u decode the history Point by point.. that’s sounds fun :-)
About BALO PAAT
Balo,Balo nangada
Deva balo maadeva
Patta balo sooriya
Kood balo sannura
Bhoomi balo jabbumi
Ee bhoomira medal
Chappannar deshak
Aer desha chollulla
Paadinot kambak
Pommaale kodavapa
Pommale kodavaapa
Pommale koduvul
Aechakulla kombaapa
Aennathaanda kombapa
Kaibyri komballa
Papalachi komballa
Kengadama komballa
Peggatira komballa
Andhbaavodevanda
Pallakira komballa
PAALERI ODEYANDA KACHIKOMB................ Continues
Mr.TK does the last line ring any bell??? Does your Jamma rights ring any bell??
PS : My apologies for the spelling mistake in above stanza of the BAALO PAAT.... don’t know whether this blog takes the kannada fonts , if yes.. i will take out time and enlighten ur knowledge [ reciprocal for enlightening mine ;-) ]
I agree that Kodavas were brave, handsome & beautiful accordingly, have a very good sense of humour & hospitable. I agree about 14 Naads too, But tell me how did it become 64( or whatever to the count now) ,Because Haleri Raja’s arranged/ facilitated the creation of the other NAADs.It is known fact that every living human being in Kodagu had accepted Haleri dynasty willingly. Lets not deny history. It is the fact and let us not prove it wrong for UR [ ] ego.
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Continued......................
Gowdas came to coorg 18th Century...??? Funny again....You must be referring to colourful,poetic fantasy named RAJENDRA NAAME of Dodda veera rajendra & deceitful Coorg Gazetteer.
First Arguement – According to Property rights published in 1871 by Supdt of coorg, Capt.Rajcole, there were 04 types of Kodavas 1) Amma Kodavas 2) Malla Kodava 3) Sanna Kodava & Jamma Kodava. Obiviously u know about Amma Kodava i guess. Malla Kodava & Sanna Kodava’s merged together and are in their present state. The Jamma kodavas are the ones who descended from Hasan and Chikamagalur in 4th century and basically are okkaligas .Later few of them got merged with the local cultures and established relations with Malla Kodavas and Sanna Kodavas and the rest remained as Okkaligas /Gowdas and still maintain relation with their forefathers from Hasan / Chikamagulur
2nd Argument... As per the known history.. Kadambas Chandravarma was the first to conquer coorg and it is said that he is the forefather of coorg ( Apart from your Greek connection and Yemeni connection) .Kadambas ruled coorg between 2nd Century AD to 6th Century AD,till they lost coorg to Chalukyas. Then Kadambas became the Maandalikas of Chalukyas and were existed in coorg till 12th century in different positions of chieftains.
When Kadambas were ruling the North side of coorg,the southern part was ruled by GANGAS and their existence was there till 11th Century AD.
Then came the Chengalvas the chieftains of Cholas in 10th century AD.Hoyasalas & Kongalvas after 10th century till 14th century. Hoysalas, Chengalvas & Kongalvas,Durgada Arasaru,Beluru Nayakas were existed in coorg in different positions.
During these 15th documented century’s there were 100s of stone tablets ( veeragallu, Kole Kallu,Pandava pare,Basadhi etc) written which says that Gowdas were very part of coorg and its mainstream population.
I will give you an E.g.: out of those 100s stone tablets.During 9th century,there was a stone tablet found in Lakkunda forest in Kothur village of then Kiggat Naad. The tablets is of GANGAS and it says Ganga king Sathyavakya Konguni Varma has donated 40 Gadhyana( Gold coins) and 100 Seru paddy field on lease to Beedala Aereyanga Gowda.
There are lotsa stories, legends which says that Gowdas were very part of the above kingdoms and coorg alike.
About forefathers.. I had mentioned that i will not take names.. well u r forcing me to do so... Uthaiah nayaka is a kodava who married to Neelammaji ( daughter of Mudduraja – Haleri king) and they are the ancestors for NAYAKANDA family and till now the family has tradition to give respects to the soul of Neelammaji in lingayat style of rituals.
Another thing ...Can you tell me who are the forefathers of GOWDANDA family ?? [ I am just curious :-)
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Continued...............
About Bhagamandala .. Tippu and story of False king.
Bhagamandala was very part of Coorg from the beginning. How come Talacauvery becomes very part of coorg when Bhagamandala is not. If your argument is right , then it should not be the part of your statehood programme too.
The last raja of coorg Chikka Veera Rajendra ruled coorg till the day of Apr 11th 1834 until Brits took over.. That is mid of 19th Century.. Where was Tippu in 19th century?? Probably in his grave?? And the false king you were referring was APARAMPARA I guess, but that was between 1834 -1837. Please read this link..
This link gives you details of one of the first Independence revolution of British India; which is infamously referred as AMARA SULLIADA KATAKAI because traitors supported Brits to overcome the freedom struggle.
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&pg=RA1-PA176&lpg=RA1-PA176&dq=amara+sullia&source=bl&ots=BHACfl5lbb&sig=vOtIVKmAOP3J7TuIxcYeY9sqqGU&hl=en&ei=2fltStvaOpKHkAXc4JGQCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=amara%20sullia&f=false
Kodagu and its borders..
You say that Coorg is extended till Periyapatna [ but Bhagamandala was not part of Coorg ]. Ok let me go 1 – 2 steps ahead and tell you .
FYI, It had Periapatna,Hunsur,Amara Magane, Sullia,Puthur, Peraje,Sampaje & Kalpathi ( Present Kalpetta in Wynad)
And its not Paryappa and nor Kodava, The name is Chengalvarasa Periyarajadeva Rudragana who built the Periyapatna fort and town ( Earlier named as Simha pura and later become Periyapatna after borrowing the name from the king).He is the son of Jain king Sreekantarasa and brother of Veeraraja who were ruling from Nanjarayapatna.
Dont want to comment about Tippu and conversions. Except for one thing.. this is out of all these discussions. If you guys claim that you have YEMEN link ( for Peechekathi and Yemeni dagger) why was that so difficult to accept the poor guys who got converted( due to tippu) back in to the families and they had to remain as a separate sub division as KODAVA MAPILLES with Ainmane?? ( Think about it...) and sometimes you claim that you had very less Brahminical,Hindu & Lingayat influence.. Your forefathers played purists and now you blame tippu for everything and justify why you supported Brits??
I also wanted to admit that .. yes ! apart from my argument that Gowdas were existing in coorg from age old ,It is also true that few of the Families settled from borders of coorg to mainland coorg in 18th century.I partially agree with you on this...
I don’t want to comment on Kodavathi s and Raja.. I think it is better to leave it to history and its lessons decide about that fact ( Not that i don’t have substance.. I just don’t want to discuss about that ).
It is true that the last king Chikka Veera Rajendra was cruel & spoilt king and that led to the rebellion and his ousting. But it is unfair to discount the good deeds of other Haleri ( i wont call them Lingayat rajas here) kings during their rule of 200 years. There were n numbers of Kodava warriors fought for the king.
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Mr.TK you disrespecting ur own warrior forefathers. U had mentioned that I had taken few names in history to prove my point. Paradanda Ponnappa,Bonira Charmanna,Kannanda Doddaiah were all warriors who fought for Coorg and Haleri dynasty and died in these wars. Kannanda Bane is a memorial for Kannanda Doddaiah and i was not just taking names according to my whims and fancies .. These are the names you need to remember and respect and without these names your WARRIOR BRAND NAME will be stripped off.
Mr.TK I know things and that is the reason i am mentioning it here. You call me an outsider??. Well my dear friend let me tell you am very much from Coorg( Born & brought up) and i understand the pain of your forefathers , but not your pain, I DENY ACCEPTING U AND OTHER CONTEMPORARY JINGOIST KODAVA’S PAIN ( OTHER KODAVAS ARE EXCEPTION FOR THIS AND I RESPECT THEM LIKE THE WAY THEY ACCEPT AND RESPECT ME) .
And finally , I want borrow few lines from you and I repeat again ‘don’t ever make unwanted remarks without knowing indepth facts’.All these arguments were not necessary targeting Lingyat’s when actually wanted to blame Haleri dynasty ( which is again completely baseless). You can’t blame a caste / race /religion just because somebody whom you don’t like (baselessly) belonged to that caste / race /religion. So had to step in.
Kodavas has glorious past and why do you have to claim some more fame, with twisted history.Why dont you emphasize on some useful things like .. getting your Kodava brothers from THOPPIST habits, Scholarships for kids, Spread literatures strengthen Kodava Language ( Unesco has identified kodava language as an endangered language ???)
I was never questioning the Integrity of Kodavas. As I said earlier and I understand the pain of your forefathers and respect them but not your pain, ego and frog in well attitude.I DENY ACCEPTING U AND OTHER CONTEMPORARY JINGOIST KODAVA’S PAIN (OTHER KODAVAS ARE EXCEPTION FOR THIS AND I RESPECT THEM LIKE THE WAY THEY ACCEPT AND RESPECT ME).
I don’t have to be bothered about you being kind to me and calling me Mr or whatever. The respect is mutual. Gone are the days when you dominated others...
I can go on n on n on and prove my point coz i have enough materials from all the corners.I can imagine possible next posts from you.To write on history of coorg u need 'wholly' understand the history of coorg. Take out Greek & Alexander & Yemeni connections out of ur mind n start from 1st Century AD ( Will be easy for u).I guess u need read few books and let me know if u need any assistance.I can refer u to both Kodava & Non Kodava history books which would actually opens up the true history of coorg.
CONCLUDED>>>>>>
REPLY for Mr.TK’s 3rd post..
I am not going beyond dogs and cats, that comment of yours shows how you respect human race and how strongly u resemble NAZI’s hating JEWS and how your parents taught you to live amongst fellow human beings.
I too can be nasty, but there is a difference between me and you. In my entire discussion i have quoted from the history but never got personal with you.
Now u explain what is “Indigenous race like CODAVAS” (Indigenous means OF NATIVE or ORIGINATING WHERE IT IS FOUND).Ur nor native neither originated in coorg according to your own argument about GREEK / YEMENI origin.
You know who are the Indigenous race in coorg? It is KURUBAS, JENU KURUBAS, ERAVAS, POLEYAS, PAALES,MALE KUDIYAs whom the Kodavas maintained as slaves until recently and once upon time tried to wipe out their entire race, who date back their origin even before dravidians.These said Indigenous races are like the Aboriginals of Australia (Infamously referred as Stolen generation; watch movie Australia for a glimpse).
You have a good knowledge about wars and the roles of gowdas and lingayats in that ;-). let me not debate you with that .....
Look forward to hear from you soon...
Thank You to know your view,now let give explaination with facts of which i have got proof with me,also i do accept your apology whith whatever mistake you have done in your writeings,it happens with me as well,Abot Balopat as i said you yesterday balopat is a song which has gone from generatins through word of mouth,let me first tell this song is sung by locl people for whom as a common man a ruler is a ruler who does not know how he came where he came etc,they do not know the facts and figures obviously as you told me the takkas of village was appointed by the king and they are the local heads who report to the kings and they need to prmote their king in order to survive,hence balopat does recognise it because in the eyes of local comunity the king is a great man,but nobody knows what the king is where he came how he came to power,which is the reality which i have already brought public,now,
First Argument:About Naad agreed naad system was already prevelent in Kodava Civilization before the Hilary(Please dont count on spellings)Kings,How the division happened this begger or jangama who came started further dividing the country when he started diveding the country more number of people became rulers of diffrent naad,for power more people became loyal to him thats the startergy, agreed to that thats the reson i said he was a good adminstrator,but more liable to people then kings of rest of india.
Gowdas came into coorg in 18th century or before but never where they the natives of kodag agree to the fact,and if not i have authonticity on the same and history proves it they are not the people of the land.and there is a referal to gowdas in kodava language meanining manneke needda avu alla means they will never stand for the soil,when there is no profit,which they migrants from dakshina kannada and nehbouring places bordering kodag who have come for better profits,
Property Rights: You Are right there where kodavas and who had large trenches of land in kodag where called malla(Big)Sanna Kodavas which means kodavas with small land area these terms where used to identify kodavas based on wealth also these weare the words used by Kannada and Malayali Migrants in kodag.
Now coming to Amma Kodavas it was a socital based Identification,However Kodava socity never favoured intercast marrages,kodava men who married brahmin women tho not excluded by the community,but was defenately seperated,since that was the time when brahminical influnce started getting into kodava community.Kodava community as i told ancient socity never accepted outside mixed up.
Jamma Kodavas are basicaly land based identification if you see all kodavas where ainmana id there are jamma holders reson,again adminstration skill by jamgama/Lingyat,saint/begger king the idia was kodag needed army to protect the borders people when slowly where getting exposed to outside world where trying to move to plain areas,when the king brought in a law where the orginal inhabitants of the land are the orginal owners of the land and the proclamination is "untill the sun and moon is seen on earth"untill that day the land belongs to kodavas and that land is call jamma land teNure,it is also said by locals that the king promised that if in case the jamma land tenure is taken out that day the king is gonna keep slipper in head and walk throughout kodag and come down of the position given to him by kodavas.tHIS WAS indeed a protective law which made the people to stayback for there land and preserve the identity,no history tells jamma kodavas are vokellagas or whatever what a surprise,in kodava language there is a saying jamma kodavas are jathi kodavas,which means by birth they are kodavas and never was there any external influnce.you might be refering to the land tenures like ijelu,sogli etc which was given to outsiders in kodag,jamma,jamma malai,jahiger land tenures are the tenures given to the natives.(Please read through again)with regad to vokiligas converted may be i have heard that has happened in Border areas of somverpet may be that might be true because i could see some people talking tulu and kannada but follow kodava culture in that part of kodag if that is true i am happy for that.Will Be Continued.please dont send any thing back before i comple resoning out.that might deviate the topic.Thanks
2nd argument,Hope You have time to read this,
presents a global ethnolinguistic view of the Kodavas, a minority community in south India. It deals with the ethnolinguistic aspects of the language spoken by this community from the point of view of communication, identity, and social reality. The paper presents certain problems that the language and the linguistic community face, and the future prospects for the development of the language.
Kodava/Coorgi is also the mother tongue of some other communities such as Airi, Male-Kudiya, Meda, Kembatti, Kapal, Maringi, Heggade, Kavadi, Kolla, Thatta, Koleya, Koyava, Banna, Golla, Kanya, Ganiga, and Malaya, living mainly in the Coorg region. Many of these communities have migrated into Coorg from Malabar during the period of Haleri Dynasty. There is no research done so far to find out the variation in Kodava language in terms of these communities.
4. NO MARKED VARIATION AT THE SOCIAL LEVEL
An important aspect of Kodava language behavior is the role played by the speech variety used by the speakers in conveying information about the background of the speaker. People from different social and geographic backgrounds use different varieties of the Kodava language. These varieties could be regional variations, namely, Mendale takka (North Coorg Variety), and Kiggaati takka (south Coorg variety) (Rajyashree 1972).
Kodava does not show a marked variation at the social level. However, the social differences can be observed through code-mixing and code-switching. Code-mixing is observed while speaking/writing one code or language, mixing vocabulary of another code/language. Code-switching is resorted to by the speakers when they switch to another code or language, while speaking/writing one code. In the case of Kodava population, the code mixed or switched is often English, though the use of Kannada, Hindi or Malayalam is also seen rarely. The Kodavas residing outside Coorg show more code-mixing and code-switching than those who live in Coorg. The Kodavas from the higher middle class, and those who are highly educated show more mixing of English or code-switching to English, while those belonging to the lower middle class show more mixing of other languages. However, there are no marked social variations in Kodava.
5. SIGNS OF STANDARDIZATION
Kodava also shows the phenomenon of standardization. The speakers of Kodava from the South Coorg area switch over to the north Coorg variety for inter-group communication. The socio-cultural reason behind it may be that the administrative center of Coorg, Mercara (Madikeri) is situated in north Coorg. Apart from being the Center or seat of the district administration, Mercara has been the capital of Haleri Kings (17th century) and has been the center of education in the Coorg district since the British period. The emergence and acceptance of a standard variety of Kodava has been stabilized by the use of that variety in the Kodava literature.
Even today, after having considerable written literature and two newspapers published in Kodava, the issue of a suitable script for the Kodava language is still being debated. At present the Kannada script is used to write Kodava.
7. COMMUNICATION AND CONTACT WITH OTHER LINGUISTIC COMMUNITIES
In domains other than home and community gatherings, Kodavas use other languages. Like most minorities, Kodavas show a high percentage of bilingualism. All along history, Kodavas have been in constant contact with Malayalam and Kannada. Kodavas had trading contacts with the Malayalam speakers for a very long time. Coorg has a common boundary with Kerala in the southwest and even today majority of the plantation labourers, artisans like carpenters and masons, and Mapilla cloth traders come to Coorg from Kerala.
The contact of Kodava language with Kannada is also of equally long duration. Kannada became the court language of Coorg with the ascendancy of the Haleri Dynasty from the beginning of 17th Century to 1834. In 1834, after the establishment of the British rule, schools were established in Coorg with Kannada as a medium of instruction (Mysore State Gazetteer 1965 pp. 403).
. LINGUISTIC ACCULTURATION
The contact of Kodava with Kannada and Malayalam speaking communities has led to acculturation. Religious domain is a case in point. Kodavas do not owe allegiance to any religious head. Their language of religion is Kodava and the family/community members perform all the rituals. However, having come under the Lingayat regime, some of the Saivite practices are absorbed by the Kodava people. Along with the temples of local deities like Aiyappa, Povvadi and Kallamma, every village has temples for Mahadeva or Bhagavati. The interesting thing is that the temples of local deities do not have Kannadiga priests, while the sorcerers who perform black magic are invariably Malayalam speakers. Thus, in the religious domain Kodava shows acculturation. The distribution of the languages according to the rituals performed and the deities worshipped makes it clear that the Kodavas are conscious of what constitute the native elements in their culture and what constitute the outside traits. They have absorbed the outside traits and elements into a co-existing system which is essentially separate and distinct from the native system. The same phenomenon is found in the linguistic acculturation process. In the core vocabulary of Kodava culture there is no influence of outside language.
Another language that has some contact with the Kodava language is Hindi or Hindustani. Most of the Kodavas prefer jobs in the defence establishments and almost one person from each Kodava home gets a job in the military. Hindi or Hindustani is the language of non-formal gatherings in the Indian defence establishments. Kodavas acquire it as part of their careers and socialization in the armed forces. Apart from this, Hindi is taught in the schools and also in Military education, which has led to elite bilingualism in Hindi.
Another language, which is learnt by the Kodavas, is English. English is acquired through schooling. Thus Kodavas show a high degree of bilingualism of both types, bilingualism through socialization and bilingualism through schooling or elite bilingualism. English is an example of total elite bilingualism; Kannada and Hindi are acquired partly through schooling and partly through socialization and Malayalam exclusively through socialization. The mode of acquiring languages seems to have reflected in the attitudes of the Kodavas towards these languages, and the use of these languages. Kodavas attach prestige to the use of English and have positive attitude towards the acquisition of English. Code mixing and code switching are observed more in English. Kannada has considerable positive value but comes only second on the scale for choice of learning. It is viewed more as a functional choice as Coorg is a part of Karnataka state with Kannada as the state official language. The acquisition of Malayalam has no prestige. No Kodava would like to adopt Malayalam as a language of education or would like to learn it formally or would use it in formal conversations. It is always considered a language of the labourers since the Kodavas often learn it from them and use it exclusively with them. Thus the attitudes of Kodavas towards English, the state language- Kannada, and Malayalam show the general trend of the minority language speakers in India towards other Indian languages.
Hope This will enlighen You.
REFERENCES/Books
Annamalai, E. 1973. "A programme for bilingual education in India." In Kelkar, A.R. et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth All India Conference of Linguistics, held in Agra. Linguistic Society of India, Pune.
Annamalai, E. 1979. "On devising an alphabet for unwritten languages." In G.S. Rao (ed.) Literacy Methodology. CIIL, Mysore.
Balakrishnan, R. 1976. Phonology of Kodagu with Vocabulary. Annamalai University, Annamalainagar.
Connor. 1817. Memoir of the Codagu Survey - Koorg - Parts I and II.
Dua, H.R. 1985. "Sociolinguistic Inequality and Language problems of Linguistic minorities in India." In Wolfson and Manes (eds.). Language of Inequality, Mouton.
Ellis, W.F. 1916. "Note to the Introduction of A.D.Campbell," in A Grammar of the Telugoo Language. Madras.
Govt. of India. 1964. Census of India 1961 Vol. I, India, Part II - c(ii) Language Tables. Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi.
Govt. of India. 1987. Census of India, 1981, Paper I of 1987. Ministry of Home affairs, New Delhi.
Graeter, A. 1970. Coorg songs with outline of Coorg Grammar, Mangalore.
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1969. "Comparative Dravidian Studies," in Sebeok T. (ed.) Current trends in Linguistics, Vol. 5 Linguistics in South Asia. Mouton Publishers. pp. 309-333.
Moegling, H. 1955. Coorg Memoir, Bangalore.
Mysore State Gazetteer. 1965. Govt. Press, Bangalore.
Pattanayak, D.P. 1979. "The problem and planning of scripts," in G.S. Rao (ed.) Literacy Methodology, CIIL, Mysore.
Rajyashree, K.S. 1972. Phonology and Morphology of Kodava. An unpublished M.A. dissertation submitted to the University of Poona.
Rice, 1978. Mysore and Coorg, A Gazetteer, compiled for the Govt. of India, Vol. III, Coorg.
Richter, G. 1987. Manual of Coorg, A Gazetteer. Mangalore.
Shrivastava, A.K., and Ramaswami, K. 1984. "Effect of Bilingualism, S E S and sex on convergent and diverge thought process." Paper presented in the UGC National Seminar on Psycholinguistics in Multilingual Society. Organized by CAS in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.
Little Bit of Ancient History for You.
The Hindu Puranas (Kaveri Purana of Skanda Purana) claim that Chandra Varma, a Chandravanshi Kshatriya and son of Emperor of Matsya Desha , was the ancestor of the Kodavas. He had 10 sons, the eldest was called Devavrata. The Kodavas were freeholder farmers and soldiers. They served as lords and vassals. Skanda Purana, one of the major eighteen Puranas, a Hindu religious text, is the largest Purana and is devoted mainly to the life and deed of Skanda(also called Subramani, Karthik or Muruga), a son of Shiva and Parvati. It also contains a number of legends about Shiva, and the holy places associated with him. The Puranas were recited by Skanda, and it also describes the Shaiva tradition in Hemakuta region (near Vijayanagar) of Karnataka, Kashi part describes the Shaiva tradition of Varanasi, and the Utkal part states about Shaiva tradition of Orissa.
The Kodavas were the earliest agriculturists in Kodagu, living in that place for centuries. Nayakas and Palegaras like Chengalvas and Kongalvas ruled over them. They were soldiers in the armies of the Rajas of Karnataka and Kerala. Also they were associated with several South Indian dynasties like the Kadambas, the Gangas, the Cholas, the Chalukyas, the Rastrakutas, the Hoysalas, and the Vijaynagar Rayas.
Both Changalvas and Kongalvas were the feudal lords of Kodagu. Under the suzerainty of Cholas, the Changalvas continued to rule when Raja Raja Chola was ruling in Tanjavur. The descendants of the Changa-lvas and the Konga-lvas are found today among the Kodava clans of Changa-ndas and Konga-ndas. The name of a Changalva lord Pemma Virappa shows that he belonged to the Pemma-nda clan of Kodavas. So these two sets of lords were Kodavas who also ruled parts of Hassan, Mysore and Wynad.
During 12th century local chieftains in the Chola kingdom rebelled against the Chola kings, among them the Alupas of Tulunad and the Changalvas of Kodagu .However it was the Hoysalas, who were in Belur of Hassan district who drove away the Cholas from the Kannada area of Mysore and surrounding regions. But the Chengalvas who then became independent didn’t accept the rule of Hoyasalas easily. Incidentally, it was during the rule of Pemma Veerappa that for the first time we can see the word “Kodagaru” (Kodavas) carved on the stone shasanas and that the region was called Kodagu. At the same time Kongalvas also accepted the rule of Hoysalas. In the year 1174 AD, Bettarasa the army general of Ballala II, Hoysala King, laid siege upon the Fort of Palpare and fought two battles against the Changalva king Pemma Veerappa. In the first battle Pemma Veerappa defeated the Hoysalas in the “Palser” war but in the second, Bettarasa defeated the Coorgs and made them subordinates. The ruins of Palpare were rediscovered in the 1850s in South Coorg's forests.
Inscriptions at Palur and Bhagamandala refer to a king by name Bodharupa (1380) who has not been identified so far properly. A Council of Elders governed over the Coorgs. Some important Coorg Leaders were (Ajjikuttira) Achunayaka of Anjikerinad, Karnayya Bavu of Bhagamandala, Kaliatanda Ponnappa of Nalknad and (Nayakanda) Uttanayaka of Armeri. The ancient Coorgs were allies of the Kolathiri and Arakkal kingdoms of Kannur, some Coorgs served as mercenary soldiers of these Hindu and Muslim Rajas, but in general they traded large quantities of rice in exchange for gold, salt and other commodities with them.
From around 1600 until 1834 the Haleri Rajas ruled over them. But in between from 1774 until 1792 the Mysore Sultans were their rulers. Under the Paleri dynasty Kodagu attained a status as an Independent kingdom. When Linga Raja I died, Hyder Ali took direct control of the Kodavas. This enraged the Kodavas and they started heckling the Muslim garrison in Madikeri. In 1782 the Kodavas took power back from Hyder Ali. In the same year, Hyder Ali died and his son Tippu Sultan started his ambitious expansion of his kingdom. In 1785, Tippu attacked Kodagu, while returning from Mangalore to Srirangapattana, his capital city. He retained control of Kodagu for sometime.
Tippu never could continuously hold his power in Kodagu. As soon as he turned his back on Kodagu, the local heroes revolted and took power back from the Muslim rulers. Tippu returned to reclaim control though he found the Kodavas hostile. During his campaigns in Kodagu, Tipu Sultan captured as many as five thousand Kodava men,women and children and took them back with him to Srirangapattana. The captured Kodavas were asked to embrace Islam or die with their families, those who resisted were put to death and many converted. After the demise of Tipu Sultan these converts returned to Kodagu but were not accepted back into the Kodava community. They continued to stay in Kodagu and came to be known as Kodava Mapillas.
Both Hyder Ali and Tippu were interested in Kodagu because of its abundant rice crops. In 1788, Dodda Vira Rajendra, who had been taken prisoner, escaped and defeated Tippu and recovered his kingdom. In 1790 Dodda Vira Rajendra signed a treaty with the British, who promised to protect his kingdom against Tippu’s onslaught. Eventually, the Kodavas backed the British troops and Tippu fell in the year 1799. In addition to king’s samadhis, “samadhis” were built for diwans and for “Rajguru” Rudrappa. We can see samadhis built for army chief Biddanda Bopu, who was the commander-in-chief for the army of Dodda Vira Rajendra, and his son Somaiah’s samadhi too. On the samadhi of Biddanda Bopu, there is a plate carved in Kannada praising him for his bravery shown in the wars fought against Tipu Sultan.
The Paleri rulers continued to rule until 1834, when the British exiled the last of the rajas Chikka Vira Raja. Chikka Vira Raja was a tyrant and was an exceptionally cruel individual who inflicted numerous atrocities on his subjects, the Kodavas in particular. This led the British to intervene and send him into exile. Cheppudira Ponnappa was retained as Dewan of Coorg and later his descendants assumed the role of administrators
Now Mate i refreed bagamandala as part of kerala for which i am aplogitic,Bagamandala and Talakavery where parts of Kodag definately,after one of the anglo mysore wars in which Kodavas along with the Adminstartor Jangama Kings successor supported the Brits,Some external Parts of Bagamandala was also annexed Into Kodag Boundries which was towards Kerala,I think i had to be more sppecic about it.
About amara sulya i need to tell you kodag had a treat from Tippu more than Brits those days and we had to support the brits to safegurd the intrests of kodag, about which the gowadas where aware off but they wanted to side against brits and never cared about what tippu was doing to kodag sin ce they gowdas had no reson to safegurd kodag because it did not mean anything to them.
And to update a bit about what phrases English language can be used,i need to tell you when it rains havely the sentence"It Rains like cats and Dogs Is used"which is a methapor used in humor same way i used the sentence to refer the birth of lingyats and gowdas in karnataka,with regard to upbringing and parents refreed,if ever you dont understand the things personally i can stup to say hi to the weeker species available from your cult family or whatever from where you are,hope i have made point clear with every thing i dont have much time to wast on your logic,so no further things are expected out of you since i think Half Knowledge is Dangerous and makes the other person more dangerious,hence i finesh with a node to say get your facts clear before claiming anything.
kodavas betrayed the indians and support British during the amara sullia rebellion,there were no pressures on them.no tippu was there no haleri kings were there.EIC (east india co) had taken over coorg’s adminitsration that time.rebel of amara sullia was not caste based one,it was a common man’s(basically agriculturist’s) rebel against EIC.rebel was to protest the new tax of british,in form of cash to revenue office(b4 its rice.In ths fight almost every community from coorg & DK participated against british.They succeeded to hoist a rebel flag in mangalore’s bavuta Gudde.the rebellion spread from coorg, canara and till kasaragod.kodavas were the only ones who supported british and helped them to win.one of the rebel hero Guddemane Appaiah is still remembered and one of the streets in Madikeri has been named as GUDDEMANE APPAIAH RASTHE. The story features as chapter in class X text books too. There is a committee in Madikeri who's president is DC of coorg who are planning to unvail a statue of Guddemane Appaiah Gowda soon
"The kodavas who helped the british in identifying the rebel leaders were richly rewarded by the british.They were rewarded in the form of guns,horses,silver and gold medals.The medals were infact the certificates,it was written “ For distinguished conduct and loyalty to the British Goevrment.Coorg.April 1837”
Diwan Bopanna & party were rewarded richly by the govt. “In consideration of teh vital and valuable services rendered by Diwan Bopan of Coorg and party,the entire treasure found with the insurgents was given as reward to them” A reward of Rs.500/- granted to Diwan Bopanna was returned by him to the gvt,Bopanna in his letter of 5th May 1837,to M.Lewin says:
"Neither I nor my countrymen offered our services for the love of money but from a device to elevate the name of our country, to exalt the name of our Khavind Captain Le Hardy, to afford gratification to yourself and to capture and chastise the rebels who have excited insurrection in Canara & Coorg and from the firm conviction that by so doing the name of coorg country will be brought to distinction under the British Government – we have from motives alone of loyalty and a desire to acquire fame,devoted our services,and with no other hope.
M.Lewin on the 6th of May 1837 recommended that the treasure recovered by the rebels should be made over to coorgs"
i think due to this kodavas are royal caste and act like british.In india nobody supported british exceot kodavas.
Anonymous.. no comments, I agree on almost everything what u had mentioned except that Karnayya Bavu was a Kodava nayak. I read in several books that he is a Keralite king.. however does'nt matter.... Its a nice piece of info for layman.. Good one..
Mr.TK,It was not fun when u went RACIAL (disgrace !!). I had told u that ur going personal.Now y i wonder y kodavas r intellectually
CAT & DOG comment was smart one..except that yesterday it was LIKE DOG & CAT and now it becomes CATs & DOGs ( politically correct ).I am impressed by ur fake humour and i don’t need English lessons from u.No further debate on cats n dogs.
I object ur comment about weaker species. What makes u say that u r superior and others are weaker? U don’t need to STOOP n say hi to anybody because nobody is WEAKER ( as u may be thinking) and u don’t need to think that u r superior. U dint had any control on ur birth in certain caste nor anybody had their control on their birth in another casete.This is absolutely racial!!!!
This thought of yours again shows your frog-in-the well attitude. You are no superior or weaker species than your fellow human beings. So take that feeling out of your mind about being a superior species because the day when you realise that you have weaknesses just like any other species you won’t be able to justify your EGO, SELF OBSESSION.
Continued ...................
Sorry missed out a word.. reposting the para again
>>>>>>>Now y i wonder y kodavas r intellectually scarce.
CAT & DOG comment was smart one..except that yesterday it was LIKE-DOG- &-CAT and now it becomes CATs-&-DOGs ( politically correct ).I am impressed by ur fake humour and i don’t need learn English lessons from u.No further debate on cats n dogs.<<<<<<<<<<<<
Continued ...................
My comments on ur false history,
Dont know whether u know, There are lot of JAMMA lands for GOWDAS too.GOWDAS don’t stand for the soil?? They are more sons of the soil than anybody.. remember AMARA SULLIA rebellion and remember what Kodavas did to them to support Brits. So who stands with soil.??
Hindu Puranas/ Skanda Purana-> I find answers from that reference >‘Puranas were recited by skanda and it also describes the Shaiva tradition in Hemakuta region ( near vijayanagar) of Karnataka.”<
Above line answers both u r doubt about the A) Kodagu in Karnataka state during Vijayanagar dynasty and B) Gowda’s existence in Kodagu.
If descendants of Chengalvas & Kongalvas submerged amongst Kodavas, If few Vokkaligas in border dst talk Tulu & Kannada and practice Kodava rituals and later became kodavas ( for which u r happy), then my argument of Kodavas having other castes submerged in them strengthens.
If Kodavas were associated with
several South Indian dynasties like the Kadambas, the Gangas, the Cholas, the Chalukyas, the Rastrakutas, the Hoysalas, and the Vijaynagar Rayas then this also strengthens my argument about A) Kodavas are not indigenous B) Gowdas were co-existed in Kodagu along with other caste systems like Kodavas & others.
DOUBT : If Chengalva King pemmaa veerappa’s descendants became Pemmanda, again y did the same king’s descendants became Chenganda :- ) ?? [ may be ur fantasy ]
Ur still wrong about the AMARA SULLIA rebellion...
Amara Sullia rebellion occurred after Chikka Veera raja was ousted from coorg ( April & May 1837) not while Tippu was there.Tippu died in 1799 ( refer to Anonymous post above). SUPER HISTORY OF TK..
Please take out time and read the below link
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&pg=RA1-PA176&lpg=RA1-PA176&dq=amara+sullia&source=bl&ots=BHACfl5lbb&sig=vOtIVKmAOP3J7TuIxcYeY9sqqGU&hl=en&ei=2fltStvaOpKHkAXc4JGQCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=amara%20sullia&f=false.
Enough as of now ...I am bored now man.. u dint read my y'day's posts and dint understand a single thing i guess and u post irrelevant stuffs about lingual studies (which i never took up) and tried to prove that u r intelectuals...
All of sudden the use of English language changes.. ability / role of other castes during wars questioned. later u think that u r superior and others weaker and u offer to be kind and address others MR. and then u stoop n say hi.. funny man.as i said save ur indegenous race.. might be of good help after 5- 6 decades..
coz anyways the so-called- superior-indegenous - race will becomee extinct when the gals get married outside and boys smoke up thoppu..and indulge in tattoo n studs n hip hop n hustle,while the fake historians like u act as guardians of entire clan/caste n start discussion forums with hatred message towards other communities on simple piece of info which gives dtls about evolution of a small sleepy town.
So Iam stopping it here.. U r not worth for a discussion.
Thumbida koda thulukuvudilla !!!Moorkharondige Maathu salladu !!!
Listen Mate you are takeing the discussion from one point to another if you dont understand what i ment by weeker species of your cult i have mentioned in ref to the comment you made on partntal,listen if you mentioned personal things about something i told you that i might go to the extent of targetting the weeker spicies and who are weeker species the women inhabitants of your cult,hope you get it now and dont go personal,if you can go to the extent of makeing statement about parents,i can go to the extent of talking about women in your family, listen good that i dont see you and i find you to be a barking dog who does not know to bite,by my statement it was personal between you and me and not between weeker and superior race,there is nothing superior and inferior between mankind and it was personal pointing towards you to counter your nasty statement abot parents,you know something now dont ever come out with your identity,because a person like you doesnot understand the basic concept of what the other person ment and i shall tell you again it was a personal statement on you yourself.
And abot history you are not the one to decide history has been written and i have given you valid reference to check on authonticity of what i have told you,if you think kodavas supported brits i need to tell you when brits came there was no country like india,there ws no karnatake, all we knew was that there was kodag and that was our motherland and to protect the country we has support the power which had no mercy to destroy anybody and brits had that power and because we supported kodag has remained as kodag today with its identity.
For some comment about kodavas being the only people supporting brits(Thats Like Frog In well)
there were people who supported Like,
1,Gurkas.
2.Kumau
3.Sikh
4.Gothra etc
nearly 22 STATES SUPPORTED EAST iNDIA cOMPANY TO PROTECT THEMSELF.
pLEASE REF TO HISTORY
And You Hidiglo or what ever, you need to understand things better mate.Also i shall Tell you made your own bloody history for your benefit.
Listen Mate you are takeing the discussion from one point to another if you dont understand what i ment by weeker species of your cult i have mentioned in ref to the comment you made on partntal,listen if you mentioned personal things about something i told you that i might go to the extent of targetting the weeker spicies and who are weeker species the women inhabitants of your cult,hope you get it now and dont go personal,if you can go to the extent of makeing statement about parents,i can go to the extent of talking about women in your family, listen good that i dont see you and i find you to be a barking dog who does not know to bite,by my statement it was personal between you and me and not between weeker and superior race,there is nothing superior and inferior between mankind and it was personal pointing towards you to counter your nasty statement abot parents,you know something now dont ever come out with your identity,because a person like you doesnot understand the basic concept of what the other person ment and i shall tell you again it was a personal statement on you yourself.
And abot history you are not the one to decide history has been written and i have given you valid reference to check on authonticity of what i have told you,if you think kodavas supported brits i need to tell you when brits came there was no country like india,there ws no karnatake, all we knew was that there was kodag and that was our motherland and to protect the country we has support the power which had no mercy to destroy anybody and brits had that power and because we supported kodag has remained as kodag today with its identity.
For some comment about kodavas being the only people supporting brits(Thats Like Frog In well)
there were people who supported Like,
1,Gurkas.
2.Kumau
3.Sikh
4.Gothra etc
nearly 22 STATES SUPPORTED EAST iNDIA cOMPANY TO PROTECT THEMSELF.
pLEASE REF TO HISTORY
And You Hidiglo or what ever, you need to understand things better mate.Also i shall Tell you made your own bloody history for your benefit.
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